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Johan Galtung (born 24 October 1930) is a Norwegian sociologist, mathematician and the principal founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies.〔John D. Brewer, ''Peace processes: a sociological approach'', p. 7, Polity Press, 2010〕 He co-founded the Peace Research Institute Oslo in 1959, serving as its director until 1970, and established the ''Journal of Peace Research'' in 1964. In 1969 he was appointed to the world's first chair in peace and conflict studies, at the University of Oslo. He resigned his professorship in 1977 and has since held professorships at several other universities; from 1993 to 2000 he taught as Distinguished Professor of Peace Studies at the University of Hawaii, and he is currently based in Kuala Lumpur, where he is the first Tun Mahathir Professor of Global Peace at the International Islamic University Malaysia.〔http://www.iais.org.my/e/index.php/events-sp-1744003054/past-events/517-public-lecture-seeking-peace-from-resolving-conflict-between-buddhists-and-muslims-in-myanmar-and-sri-lanka-by-prof-dr-johan-galtung.html〕 He was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 1987. Galtung is known for contributions to mathematics and sociology in the 1950s, political science in the 1960s, economics and history in the 1970s, macro history, anthropology and theology in the 1980s. He has developed several influential theories, such as the distinction between positive and negative peace, structural violence, theories on conflict and conflict resolution, the concept of peacebuilding, the structural theory of imperialism, and the theory of the United States as simultaneously a republic and an empire.〔("Johan Galtung" ), ''Norsk Biografisk Leksikon''〕 ==Biography== Galtung was born in Oslo. He earned the cand. real. (PhD) degree in mathematics at the University of Oslo in 1956, and a year later completed the mag. art. (PhD)〔 degree in sociology at the same university.〔 Galtung received the first of nine honorary doctorates in 1975.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Global University Network News )〕 Galtung's father and paternal grandfather were both physicians. The Galtung name has its origins in Hordaland, where his paternal grandfather was born. Nevertheless, his mother, Helga Holmboe, was born in central Norway, in Trøndelag, while his father was born in Østfold, in the south. Galtung has been married twice, and has two children by his first wife Ingrid Eide, Harald Galtung and Andreas Galtung, and two by his second wife Fumiko Nishimura, Irene Galtung and Fredrik Galtung.〔(Genealogical data for Johan Galtung )〕 Upon receiving his mag.art. degree, Galtung moved to Columbia University, in New York City, where he taught for five semesters as an assistant professor in the Department of Sociology.〔(Life of Johan Galtung (in Danish) )〕 In 1959, Galtung returned to Oslo, where he founded the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). He served as the institute's director until 1969, and saw the institute develop from a department within the Norwegian Institute of Social Research into an independent research institute with enabling funds from the Norwegian Ministry of Education.〔(PRIO biography for Johan Galtung )〕 In 1964, Galtung led PRIO to establish the first academic journal devoted to Peace Studies: the ''Journal of Peace Research''.〔 In the same year, he assisted in the founding of the International Peace Research Association.〔(History of the IPRA )〕 In 1969 he left PRIO for a position as professor of peace and conflict research at the University of Oslo, a position he held until 1978.〔 He then served as the director general of the International University Centre in Dubrovnik, also serving as the president of the World Future Studies Federation.〔(E. Boulding 1982: 323)〕 He has also held visiting positions at other universities, including Santiago, Chile, the United Nations University in Geneva, and at Columbia, Princeton and the University of Hawaii.〔(''Dagens Nyheter'' 2003-01-15. )〕 He has served at so many universities that he has "probably taught more students on more campuses around the world than any other contemporary sociologist".〔 Galtung is currently teaching courses in the Human Science Department at Saybrook University.〔(Saybrook.edu )〕 In December 2010, Galtung gave a lecture entitled "Breaking the Cycle of Violent Conflict" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series. Galtung is a prolific researcher, having made contributions to many fields in sociology. He has published more than 1000 articles and over 100 books.〔(TRANSCEND biography on Johan Galtung )〕 Economist and fellow peace researcher Kenneth Boulding has said of Galtung that his "output is so large and so varied that it is hard to believe that it comes from a human".〔(K. Boulding 1977: 75)〕 He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In 2014 he was appointed Tun Mahathir Professor of Global Peace at the International Islamic University Malaysia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Johan Galtung」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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